Guillain-Barre Syndrome in a Child with COVID-19 Infection

Authors: Curtis M; Bhumbra, S; Felker, M, V; Jordan, BL.; Kim, J; Weber, M; Friedman, ML.

Affiliations: Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Ryan White Center for Pediatric Infectious Disease and Global Health ; Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University and Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis, Indiana; and ; Departments of Neurology and ; Emergency Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana ; Division of Pediatric Critical Care.

Publication: Pediatrics ; 2021 ; 147 ; April 2021

Abstract : Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is characterized by a monophasic, ascending, and symmetrical paralysis with areflexia that progresses over days to weeks. It is typically a postinfectious autoimmune process that leads to destruction of myelin. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), originated in Wuhan, China, in late 2019 and rapidly spread around the world, causing a pandemic of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). There have been scattered reports of adults with possible GBS and concurrent evidence of COVID-19, but no previous reports in children. The patient is an 8-year-old boy who presented to the emergency department with progressive, ascending weakness with areflexia. He was intubated for airway protection because of poor secretion control. MRI of the spine revealed abnormal enhancement of posterior nerve roots. A lumbar puncture revealed albuminocytologic dissociation with 1 nucleated cell per mm3 and a protein level of 620 mg/dL. Electrodiagnostic findings were compatible with sensorimotor demyelinating polyneuropathy. The lumbar puncture, MRI, and electrodiagnostics were all consistent with GBS. Results of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid amplification and SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G antibody tests were positive. Treatment was initiated with intravenous immunoglobulin; he received a total of 2 g/kg. His neurologic examination revealed improvement in the subsequent days. He was extubated after 4 days of intubation. This case is the first reported case of a child with GBS in the setting of an acute COVID-19 infection. This case reveals the wide scope of presentations of COVID-19 and postinfectious processes. Clinicians should constantly have a high level of suspicion for COVID-19.