Activated factor VIII-mimicking effect by emicizumab on thrombus formation in type 2N von Willebrand disease under high shear flow conditions

Authors: Yaoi, H; Shida, Y; Kitazawa, T; Shima, M; Nogami, K

Affiliations: Nara Med Univ, Dept Pediat, 840 Shijo Cho, Kashihara, Nara 6348522, Japan; Chugai Pharmaceut Co Ltd, Res Div, Gotemba, Shizuoka, Japan.

Publication: Thrombosis Research; 2021; 198. 7–16

Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Type 2N von Willebrand disease (2NVWD) is characterized by a mild to moderate reduction in plasma levels of factor (F)VIII associated with defective binding of von Willebrand factor (VWF) to FVIII and accelerated proteolysis and clearance of FVIII. The clinical phenotype in 2NVWD is often indistinguishable from mild/moderate hemophilia (H)A. Emicizumab is a bispecific antibody to FIX/FIXa and FX/FXa that mimics FVIIIa cofactor function, and emicizumab prophylaxis significantly reduces bleeding events in patients with severe HA. AIM: We investigated the potential benefits of emicizumab in the hemostatic management of 2NVWD. PATIENTS/METHODS: Perfusion chamber experiments were performed using whole blood from three 2NVWD patients with different clinical phenotypes (bleeding scores: 0, 6 and 20; mutations: p.R816W, p.R816W, and p.R365X/p. T791M, respectively). Furthermore, the impact of specific FVIII-VWF interactions on thrombus formation was investigated. RESULTS: Defective thrombus formation that correlated with bleeding phenotype was evident in these 2NVWD patients. Emicizumab improved surface coverage and thrombus height in all cases. Multi-color immunostaining of thrombi further demonstrated that emicizumab enhanced thrombin generation and fibrin formation. The addition of FVIII alone to 2NVWD whole blood did not augment thrombus formation, while supplementation with FVIII/VWF complex enhanced platelet-fibrin interactions. Furthermore, an anti-FVIII monoclonal antibody known to interrupt the release of FVIIIa from VWF depressed these effects. CONCLUSIONS: Emicizumab-induced enhancing effects of thrombus formation, independent on VWF, might be useful as an alternative therapy for 2NVWD patients. The extent of FVIII-VWF interaction should be optimal to deliver and release FVIII/FVIIIa on the activated platelet surface.